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Abdominal Effort
Abdominal movement involved in inhalation and exhalation effort |
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American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM)
The accreditation and regulatory body for sleep medicine
1610 - 14th Street Northwest, Suite 300
Rochester, MN 55901-2200
(507) 287-6006 [Fax] (507) 287-6008
http://www.aasmnet.org |
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American Sleep Apnea Association (ASAA)
(A.W.A.K.E.)
A patient-oriented national voluntary health agency serving individuals
who have sleep apnea, and their families
1414 K Street NW, Suite 302
Washington, DC 20005
(202) 293-3650 [Fax] (202) 293-3656
http://www.sleepapnea.org |
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Bi-level Positive Airway Pressure [bi'
-pap] BLPAP; Bi-PAP
Two different pressure levels, for inhalation and exhalation, introduced
through the nasal cavity to produce a pneumatic splint to prevent the upper
airway from obstructing, but allowing for unefforted exhalation. |
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Bruxism [brux'ism]
The forcible grinding or gnashing of the teeth, produced by rhythmic contractions
of the masseter and other muscles, occurring usually without the patient's
awareness during sleep
Consists of violent, repetitive grinding of the teeth. Occurs in episodes
consisting of grinding, approximagtely once per second for perhaps 5 seconds--sometimes
much longer, repeated any number of times during the night. Produces a lound
and unpleasant sound, which frequently awakes bed partner or even a roommate
10 to 20 feet away. |
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Cataplexy [cat-uh'plex-ee]
A sudden spell of weakness due to a decrease in muscle tone triggered by
external or internal stimuli, i.e., emotion such as laughter, anger, surprise,
joy, fright, intense concentration, and athletic activities.
The patient may stagger briefly and then fall to the ground, unable to move
yet fully alert. Episode may last a minute or more and the patient may enter
REM sleep. |
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Continuous Positive Airway Pressure,
CPAP [see'-pap]
Pressure introduced through the nasal cavity to provide a pneumatic splint
to prevent upper airway from obstructing. |
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Delta Stage
Stages 3, 4, and REM
The stages in which muscle tension is relaxed and body rest occurs. |
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Electrocardiogram [electro-car'diogram]
ECG, EKG
The graphic record of the heart's action currents obtained with the electrocardiograph. |
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Electroencephalogram electro-en'seflo-gram;
EEG
The record, obtained by means of the electroencephalograph, of the brain
potentials derived from scalp electrodes
Brain waves |
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Electromyogram electro-my'oh-gram;
EMG
A graphic representation of the somatic electric currents associated with
muscular actions.
Electrodes are usually placed on the chin or jaw and the tibialis anterior
muscle. The chin or jaw EMG helps identify muscle activity associated with
tongue movement opening the upper airway. The tibialis EMG identifies leg
movement associated with myoclonus, periodic leg movement (PLMs) and restless
leg syndrome (RLS). |
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Electrooculogram electro-oc'ulogram;
EOG
A record on paper of film of electric currents using electrodes placed on
the skin adjacent to the eyes to detect movement of the eyeball.
Helps in determining rapid eye movement (REM) stage of sleep. |
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Eupnea uoop-nee'uh
Easy, free respiration; the type observed in the normal subject under resting
conditions. |
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Excessive Daytime Somnolence (Sleepiness);
EDS
Excessive drowsiness during the daytime which causes one to use extraordinary
means to prevent sleep onset. |
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Flow
The flow of air caused by inhalation and exhalation effort.
Air flowing in and out of the lungs. |
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Hyper
A prefix denoting excessive, above the normal |
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Hyperpnea hi-purp-ne'ah
A condition in which the respiration is deeper and more rapid than normal.
Extreme deep, rapid breathing -- huffing and puffing -- generally
associated with strenuous exercise. |
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Hypnagogic hip-nuh-goj'ick
1. Denoting a transitional state, related to the hypnoidal, preceding the
onset of sleep; applied also to various hallucinations that may manifest
themselves at that time.
2. Inducing sleep; hypnotic. |
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Hypnagogic/Hypnopompic Hallucinations
Auditory, tactile, or visual hallucinations occurring at the interface between
waking and sleep. They can occur in anyone with disturbed sleep or a disrupted
sleep schedule.
Hallucinations are "dreamlike," but differ from dreams by the
lack of full participation of the subjects and by the absence of a theme
or story. They may involve revisualization of scenes from the previous few
hours or minutes, often with feelings of weightlessness and loss of balance
or support. These episodes last seconds to minutes and often terminate suddenly
with a hypnic jerk. |
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Hypnapagogic hip-nap-uh-goj'ick
1. Denoting a state similar to the hypnagogic, through which the mind passes
in coming out of sleep; denoting also delusions experienced at such time.
2. Causing wakefulness; preventing sleep. |
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Hypnic hip-nick
1. Relating to sleep
2. Causing sleep; somnifacient; somniferous. |
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Hypno hip-no
Combining form relating to sleep or hypnosis |
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Hypnopompic hypno-pom'pic
Denoting the occurrence of visions or dreams during the drowsy state preceding
or following sleep. |
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Hypo hi-po
A prefix, equivalent to sub-, denoting (1) a location beneth something else;
(2) a diminution or deficiency; (3) the lowest, or least rich in oxygen,
of a series of chemical compounds. |
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Hypopnea hy-pop'ne-uh
Decreased in amount of air breathed per minute. Depth of breathing, rather
than rate, usually is decreased.
Shallow airflow due to the lack of thoracic and abdominal effort; generally
accepted as 50% loss of airflow for 10 or more seconds. |
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Insomnia in-sawm'ne-uh
Insufficient or inadequate sleep.
Classified into three main types; (1) delayed sleep onset (can't go to
sleep); (2) impaired sleep continuity (can't stay asleep); (3)
early morning awakenings (can't go back to sleep). |
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Laser Uvulopalatoplasty oov-uh-lo'pal-uh-to'plas-tee;
LVUP
A surgical procedure, using a cold CO2 laser, removing the uvula and part
of the soft palate in an effort to increase the caliber of the upper airway.
Procedure is usually done with local anesthetic in four to five visits. |
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Myoclonus myo-klonus
Clonic spasm or twitching of a muscle or group of muscles. Nocturnal
Myoclonus--frequently repeated muscular jerks occurring at the moment
of dropping off to sleep. Similar jerks that awaken a sleeper occur occasionally
in all normal persons. Palatal myoclonus--rhythmic contractions of
the soft palat, the facial muscles and the diaphragm, related to lesions
of the olivocerebellar pathways. |
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Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrom app'-knee-uh;
OSAS; OSA, Apnea
From the Greek term meaning "the want of breath." The intermittent
cessation of breathing.
The intermittent cessation of breathing for a period of 10 seconds to more
than one (1) minute, wherein the chest and abdomen expand in unsuccessful
effort to fill the lungs with air. |
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Oximeter ox-im'eh-ter
An instrument for determining photoelectrically the oxygenation of a
sample of blood in a translucent part, such as the lobe (pinna) of the ear
or the tip of the finger; it consists of an infrared bulb and photoelectric
cell placed, respectively on the front and back ear lobe or finger tip.
Red light rays are transmitted by oxyhemoglobin, but only slightly by reduced
hemoglobin.
Small portable instrument primarily used by respiratory care practitioners
for measuring noninvasively, oxyhemoglobin. |
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Oxyhemoglobin Saturation
SaO2
Percent of oxygen present in the hemoglobin present in arterial blood.
Generally measured using an oximeter. |
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Parasomnias pair-uh-sawm'nee-uhs
Movements and behaviors occurring during sleep.
Includes movements and behaviors such as hypnic jerks, brief myoclonic jerks,
sleepwalking, sleeptalking, sleep terror, confusional arousals, PLMs, headbanging,
and bruxism. |
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Periodic Leg Movement PLM
Involuntary leg movements causing arousals during sleep.
Varies from slight twitches to violent movement of the legs. Best described
as rhythmic extensions of the big toe and dorsiflections of the ankle with
occasional flexion of the knee and hip, each movement lasting approximately
0.5 to 5 seconds with a frequency of about one every 20 to 40 seconds. |
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Poly
From the Greek word polys, meaning much, many. Prefix, in
words formed from Greek roots, denoting multiplicity; corresponding to the
Latin prefix multi-. |
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Polysomnogram poly-sawm'na-gram;
PSG
Multi-channel graph recorded during sleep.
Generally includes electro-encephalogram (EEG), electro-cardiogram (ECG
or EKG), electro-myogram (EMG), electro-oculogram (EOG), flow, thoracic
effort, abdominal effort, oxyhemoglobin saturation (SaO2). |
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Rapid Eye Movement REM
The rapid and erratic movement of the eyeball sometimes occurring during
delta stage sleep. |
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Restless Leg Syndrome RLS
Irresistible leg movements that are often accompanied by creeping sensations
deep in the limbs; occasionally, the upper limbs can also be affected. |
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Snoring
Produced by the vibration of the soft tissues of the upper airway.
Intensity and quality is dependent on time of night, stage of sleep, position
of the body, rate of airflow through the airway, tone of airway muscles,
and the anatomic structure of the nose and throat. Snoring of apnec persons
can exceed 80 dB, is often miexd with snorts, gasps, choking noises, body
jerks, and flailing limb movements. |
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Somnipathy somni'pathy
Any disorder of sleep. |
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Somnogram sawm'na-gram
Graph created while sleeping. |
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Somnolence, somnolency
sawm'nolence, sawm'nolency;
1. Drowsiness; sleepiness
2. A condition of semiconsciousness approaching coma. |
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Thoracic Effort
Chest movement involved in inhalation and exhalation effort. |
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Titration ty-tray'shun
Volumetric analysis by means of the addition of definite amounts of a test
solution of the substance being assayed
The systematic noninvasive process of inducing finite pneumatic pressure
through the nasal passage to develop and maintain a pneumatic splint in
the upper airway, resulting in near normal breathing while sleeping. |
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Uvulopalatopharangoplasty uvulo-palato-pharyngo-plasty;
UPPP
A surgical procedure removing the uvula, part of the soft palat, and part
of the pharyngeal tissure in the upper airway to increase the caliber of
the upper airway.
A surgical procedure intended to eliminate snoring, reduce airway obstructions,
and improve nocturnal air flow. |
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Advanced Sleep-phase Syndrome (ASPS):
. . . nocturnal sleep period occurring earlier than the desired
bedtime
Individuals tend to become very sleepy typically between 6:00 p.m. and 9:00
p.m. and awaken between 1:00 a.m. and 3:00 a.m. |
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Delayed Sleep-phase Syndrome (DSPS):
. . . nocturnal sleep period occurring later than the desired bedtime. Individuals
tend to not become sleepy until between 1:00 a.m. and 3:00 a.m. with awakenings
usually after 9:00 a.m. Individuals commonly referred to as "night
people". |
